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With the development of modern liver surgical techniques and the progress of perioperative management,the survival rate after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma has been greatly improved,but the high recurrence and metastasis rate still limits the long-term survival after surgery. Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy has been confirmed to significantly reduce the postoperative recurrence rate and prolong survival in other types of cancer,but there has been a lack of effective systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma for a long time,so the efficacy and regimen of neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma are still controversial. PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibody combined with anti-angiogenic targeted drugs has become a first-line regimen in systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. This regimen has definite efficacy and high safety,bringing hope for neoadjuvant therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently,three clinical trials of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma have been published internationally,which preliminarily suggest the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and lay a solid foundation for carrying out larger sample clinical studies in the future.
Subject(s)
Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Neoadjuvant Therapy , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , ImmunotherapyABSTRACT
Objective:To study the protective effect of polysaccharides from Plantaginis Semen （PSP） against renal injury in rats with membranous nephropathy （MN） and its influence on the gut microbiota to provide a theoretical basis for the further investigation of PSP in the treatment of MN. Method:The MN model was induced by tail vein injection of cationic bovine serum albumin （C-BSA， 3.5 g·L<sup>-1</sup>） in rats with a modeling period of seven weeks. At the 4th week of modeling， the model rats were divided into a model group， a positive drug group （benazepril hydrochloride， 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>）， a PSP high-dose group （PSP-H， 800 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>）， a PSP medium-dose group （PSP-M， 400 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>）， and a PSP low-dose group （PSP-L， 200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>·d<sup>-1</sup>） according to the random number table， with 10 in each group. Ten healthy rats were assigned to the normal control group. The rats in the normal control group and the control group received an equal amount of physiological saline by gavage， and those in the groups with drug intervention were administered correspondingly，once a day，for consecutive four weeks. The pathological changes of rat kidney and colon tissues were observed by optical microscopy. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the content of tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α </italic>（TNF-<italic>α</italic>） and interleukin-1<italic>β </italic>（IL-1<italic>β</italic>） in the serum and colon tissues. The immunohistochemistry （IHC） was used to detect the protein expression of TNF-<italic>α </italic>and IL-1<italic>β </italic>in renal tissues. The 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to investigate the effect of PSP on the gut microbiota in MN rats. Result:Compared with the normal control group， the model group showed enlarged glomeruli， thickened basement membrane， atrophied colonic gland， increased TNF-<italic>α</italic> and IL-1<italic>β</italic> in the serum and colon tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and elevated protein expression of TNF-<italic>α</italic> and IL-1<italic>β </italic>（<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the positive drug group and the PSP-H group displayed shrunk glomerular capsules， relieved basement membrane thickening， and neatly arranged colonic mucosa in colon tissues， while the PSP-M and PSP-L groups were inferior in improving renal tissues and colon tissues. Additionally， the PSP-H and PSP-M groups showed declining TNF-<italic>α</italic> and IL-1<italic>β</italic> in the serum and colon tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.05） and dwindled protein expression of TNF-<italic>α</italic> and IL-1<italic>β </italic>in the renal tissues （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. No significant difference was observed in the PSP-L group. Compared with the normal control group， the model group showed increased abundance of Firmicutes and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes. After PSP intervention， the abundance of Firmicutes was decreased， while that of Bacteroidetes was increased， and such changes were predominant in the PSP-H group. Conclusion:PSP can effectively alleviate renal injury， reduce the expression of inflammatory factors， regulate the structure of gut microbiota， and improve the damaged intestinal barrier of MN rats.
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Objectives@#This paper aimed to investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and explore the associated risk factors in a very elderly southwest Chinese population.@*Methods@#From September 2015 to June 2016, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to obtain a representative sample of 1,326 participants over 80 years old living in Chengdu. The presence of DM was based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose (2-hPG) levels during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios ( s) and 95% confidence intervals ( s) of the potential associated factors.@*Results@#The participants' mean age was 83.5 ± 3.1 years. The overall prevalence of DM was 27.4%. The prevalence was higher in males (30.2%) than females (24.7%) ( = 0.02). The prevalence of DM increased with body mass index (BMI) and decreased with aging. The multivariate analysis suggested that male sex ( = 1.433; 95% , 1.116-1.843), hypertension ( = 1.439; 95% , 1.079-1.936), overweight or obesity ( = 1.371; 95% , 1.023-1.834), high heart rate (≥ 75 beats/min; = 1.362; 95% , 1.063-1.746), and abdominal obesity ( = 1.615; 95% , 1.216-2.149) were all significantly positively correlated with DM. However, age was negatively correlated with DM ( = 0.952; 95% , 0.916-0.989).@*Conclusions@#The prevalence of DM and newly diagnosed DM in a very elderly southwest Chinese population was high. OGTT screening should be performed regularly in people aged ≥ 80 years to ensure timely diagnosis of DM.
Subject(s)
Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , China , Epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus , Epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the content of index components in different parts of Gardenia jasminoides (pericarp, seeds, whiskers), study the fingerprint, and compare the contents and compositions differences of different parts of G. jasminoides, in order to provide the theoretical basis for different efficacies of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds, explore the exploitation and utilization values of G. jasminoides whiskers, and avoid waste of gardenia medicinal resources. Method: The contents of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was were determined by HPLC, the content of total iridoid glycosides was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and three index components in different parts of G. jasminoides were analyzed. HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides were collected, the common pattern of HPLC fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides of different origins and with different processing methods was established, and the similarity evaluation software was used for data analysis; comparative analysis on fingerprints of different parts of G. jasminoides was conducted. Result: Content change of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds from Henan, Fujian and Jiangxi were the same. Content of geniposide:Fujian > Henan > Jiangxi, the contents of three components in G. jasminoides pericarp from Fujian were much higher than those from Henan and Jiangxi, the contents of crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides:Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan, the contents of total iridoid glycosides from Fujian, Jiangxi were much higher than those from Henan. The order of three index components in G. jasminoides whiskers from different origins from high to low, the content of geniposide and crocetin Ⅰ was Fujian > Jiangxi and Henan, the content of total iridoid glycosides was Fujian > Jiangxi > Henan.In the same part, there were 22 common peaks in the fingerprints of G. jasminoides pericarp, except for S13-S15, the similarity of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides seeds had 22 common peaks, except for S22-S30, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9;the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers had 16 common peaks, except for S7-S9, the similarities of other samples were more than 0.9.In different parts, the fingerprints of G. jasminoides whiskers were significant different from those of pericarp and seeds, the number of peaks in G. jasminoides whiskers reduced, the order of height of peaks 2, 3, 5 of G. jasminoides from high to low were whiskers > gardenia > seeds. There was not peak X in the seeds, the height of peak X of gardenia in whiskers was higher than that in pericarp, except for the peak 17, the height of all peaks in seeds were higher than that in whiskers. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the contents of index components in G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds. The content of total glycosides in gardenia is high, suggesting that it can be used to extract total iridoid glycosides. The fingerprints can reflect the content difference and species distribution of different parts of G. jasminoides, so as to provide theoretical support for the studies for pharmacodynamic material basis of G. jasminoides and the scientificity and rationality of the separate application of G. jasminoides pericarp and seeds.
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Objective:To study HPLC fingerprints of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from different origins,compare different specifications in the same origin,and explore the effect of origin and specifications on the quality of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix and relationship between the specifications and the internal quality of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, in order to provide basis for the identification of its origin. Method:The HPLC fingerprints of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from different origins and with different specifications in the same origin were collected. The similarity analysis,cluster analysis and principal component analysis were adopted to analyze the fingerprints,the differences in fingerprints of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from different origins and with different specifications in the same origin were compared. Result:Analysis of different origins and principal component analysis could be used to distinguish Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from five producing areas,and the identification results of origin analysis was better than those of cluster analysis and similarity analysis. Analysis of different specifications, similarity analysis or principal component analysis could not distinguish Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix with different specifications. Conclusion:There are significant differences in chemical composition and peak height among Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix from different origins,with less differences in chemical composition and peak height of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix with different specifications, the principal component analysis could be used to identify origins of Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix.
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Objective:To investigate and compare the fingerprints of different polarity fractions (petroleumether,chloroform,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,water) of fresh Gardeniae Fructus with different fruit shapes,and further understand the content difference and distribution of its chemical composition. Method:Gardeniae Fructus was reflux extracted by water in order to obtain the water extract; water extract 0.1 g and dissolved with 50 mL water,then it was extracted by petroleum ether,chloroform,ethyl acetate and n-butanol in turn in order to obtain the different extraction phases and the water phase. Each phase was condensed to extractum. Finally,the samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprints and the similarity evaluation software was used for data analysis. Result:Fingerprint of chloroform fraction of water extract in gardenia from different habitats can be used to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus from Fujian,Henan and Jiangxi. The differences between the water extract of Gardeniae Fructus from Fujian and those of Henan and Jiangxi were mainly manifested in the petroleum ether fraction, and the fat-soluble components of Gardeniae Fructus were more than those of Henan and Jiangxi. The differences between the water extract of Gardeniae Fructus from Henan and those of Fujian and Jiangxi were mainly manifested in the ethyl acetate fraction,and the content of iridoid glycosides was significantly higher than that in Fujian and Henan. The differences between the water extract of gardenia from Jiangxi and those of Fujian and Henan were mainly manifested in the n-butanol fraction,organic acid peak C1 not detected. The fingerprint of chloroform fraction of water extract in Gardeniae Fructus can be used to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs and Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs from Fujian and Henan,and the contents of all components of Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs were more than those in Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs. The fingerprint of petroleum ether fraction of water extract in Gardeniae Fructus can be used to distinguish Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs and Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs from Jiangxi. The Z3 peak of Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs from Henan was obviously higher than that of Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs. The contents of all components on chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of water extract in Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs were significantly higher than those of Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs. Conclusion:There are significant differences on chemical constituents and content among Gardeniae Fructus from Fujian,Henan and Jiangxi. The main difference of fingerprint between Gardeniae Fructus of six ribs and Gardeniae Fructus of seven ribs is the peak height.
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To investigate the effect of different initial processing methods on the quality of Gardenia and determine the best cooking time in gardenia processing through the determination of index components content. The contents of geniposide, crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides in Gardenia were determined before storage, six months after storage and one year after storage. During storage, the contents of geniposide, crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides in directly dried Gardenia were 1.68%, 0.45% and 6.45% respectively. The contents of geniposide, crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides in Gardenia with different steaming time were 1.34%-0.5%, 0.28%-0.06% and 6.09%-1.59% respectively. The contents of geniposide, crocetin Ⅰ and total iridoid glycosides in Gardenia with different boiling time (adding alum)were 1.42%-0.41%, 0.35%-0.07% and 6.40%-1.65% respectively. The direct drying of Gardenia samples could not achieve the function of killing enzyme and protecting glycosides. The enzymes from degradation of the index components were basically destroyed after steaming time of 13 min or boiling (adding alum) time of 8 min, achieving the function of killing enzyme and protecting glycosides.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the lethal blood level, the target organs and tissues, the toxicant storage depots and the postmortem redistribution in mice died of emamectin benzoate poisoning.@*METHODS@#The mice model of emamectin benzoate poisoning was established via intragastric injection. The main poisoning symptoms and the clinical death times of mice were observed and recorded dynamically in the acute poisoning group as well as the sub-acute poisoning death group. The pathological and histomorphological changes of organs and tissues were observed after poisoning death. The biodistribution and postmortem redistribution of emamectin benzoate in the organs and tissues of mice were assayed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at 0h, 24h, 48h and 72h after death. The lethal blood concentrations and the concentrations of emamectin benzoate were detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different time points after death.@*RESULTS@#The symptoms of nervous and respiratory system were observed within 15-30 min after intragastric injection. The average time of death was (45.8 ± 7.9) min in the acute poisoning group and (8.0 ± 1.4) d in the sub-acute poisoning group, respectively. The range of acute lethal blood level was 447.164 0-524.463 5 mg/L. The pathological changes of the organs and tissues were observed via light microscope and immunofluorescence microscope. The changes of emamectin benzoate content in the blood, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and brain of poisoning mice showed regularity within 72 h after death (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The target organs of emamectin benzoate poisoning include heart, liver, kidney, lung, brain and contact position (stomach). The toxicant storage depots are kidney and liver. There is emamectin benzoate postmortem redistribution in mice.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Autopsy , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Ivermectin/toxicity , Lethal Dose 50 , Postmortem Changes , Tissue DistributionABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the method of fabricating larynx-shape tissue engineered cartilage by means of filling together with wrapping with pedicle myofascial flap.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Serial steps of solution casting, extrusion molding and particulate leaching were used to make larynx-shape [poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate), PHBHH] biomaterial models. The chondrocytes were seeded onto PHBHH models to form cell-PHBHH composites for culture in vitro for one week and then to fill and wrap larynx-shape composites with pedicle myofascial flap. After that to implant larynx-shape composites in situ on the back of adult New Zealand white rabbits (experimental groups n = 9). Control groups (n = 3) were the same measure as experimental groups but without chondrocytes on PHBHH models. Finally, morphological observation, HE & special staining and immunohistochemical test were conducted to evaluate the cartilage regeneration and its shape at 6, 8 and 12 weeks following implantation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The PHBHH models appeared to be hollow half-trumpet with edges and corners of larynx-shape and its porosity > 90%. Pedicle myofascial flap using fascia as lining presented rich blood supply and had enough to fill and wrap larynx-shape composites. Tissue engineered larynx-shape cartilage specimens could be harvested at different period. It was demonstrated that the cartilaginous tissue formed in 6 weeks after implantation through histological and immunohistochemical examination and further maturity in 12 weeks and 18 weeks. But no cartilaginous tissue showed without chondrocytes on PHBHH as control groups to implant at the same time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It seems that pedicled myofascial flap showed sufficient blood supply and that the filling together with wrapping method with pedicled myofascial flap is appropriate for fabricating larynx-shape tissue engineered cartilage.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rabbits , 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid , Cartilage , Cell Culture Techniques , Fascia , Transplantation , Larynx, Artificial , Surgical Flaps , Tissue Engineering , Methods , Tissue ScaffoldsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To examine the effects of cocaine on the activities of ATPase, LDH and SDH in cultured mouse splenocytes in vitro.@*METHODS@#The ATPase, LDH and SDH activities in mouse splenocytes were detected at day 7 after continuous culturing the mouse cells exposed to cocaine hydrochloride in final concentration of 10, 20 and 100 microg/mL in vitro.@*RESULTS@#The activities of ATPase, LDH and SDH in mouse splenocytes exposed to cocaine hydrochloride in final concentration of 10, 20 and 100 microg/mL were significantly decreased after continuous culturing for 7 days.@*CONCLUSION@#The present study demonstrated that cocaine could inhibit the activities of ATPase, LDH and SDH in cultured splenocytes in vitro.